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Migraines - a migraine is a severe headache that usually affects one side of the head and is often accompanied by other distressing symptoms.

What is migraine?  Migraine is a severe headache, usually on one side, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting and associated with finding light or sound painful (photophobia and phonophobia). There are two types:
Migraine with aura (classical) - the headache is preceded by a preliminary phase called an aura, when symptoms such as seeing flashing lights, temporary visual loss, speech problems or numbness of the face or arms may occur
Migraine without aura (common) - no aura precedes the headache.

What are the symptoms of migraine?  Both types of migraine may frequently start with changes in mood and feelings of general hunger or particular food cravings.
Migraine attacks last from four to 72 hours and are usually felt on one side of the head. During this time you may need to lie down in a quiet and darkened room since the throbbing headache is often made worse by movement, noise and light.

What are the causes of migraine?  The precise cause of migraine is unclear, but changes in the size of blood vessels and the levels of neurotransmitter substances (chemical messengers) in the brain are thought to be responsible.In particular, a drop in the levels of the brain chemical serotonin is believed to be responsible for the dilatation (widening) of the blood vessels that causes the throbbing headache.
Many factors can trigger migraines, including tiredness, stress, dehydration, hormonal changes, missed or delayed meals, and certain food and drinks, such as cheese, chocolate, coffee, tea and alcohol.

What are the treatments for migraine?  Migraine can't be cured but it can be kept under control, limiting the number of attacks and/or their severity.
Some people find that taking medicines early in the attack reduces the severity and duration of the attack. Those who suffer regular or frequent migraine may benefit from specific types of daily medication to prevent attacks occurring.
Not everyone with migraine needs to see a doctor, but if painkillers purchased from the pharmacist are not helping, attacks are coming more frequently or there's a change from usual migraine symptoms, you must consult a doctor. In particular if a woman who is taking the combined contraceptive pill finds migraines start or worsen, especially if there are focal neurological symptoms such as visual loss or numbness, she must stop the pill and see her doctor as she may be at increased risk of having a stroke.

Treatments for migraines include painkillers, possibly combined with anti-sickness medication, or a group of medication called triptans or 5HT agonists which are not painkillers but work on changes in the brain chemical serotonin thought to be at the root of the blood vessel dilatation in migraine. Other drugs are also used in migraine, such as betablockers, neuromodulators and low dose anti-depressants. Some people find acupuncture, osteopathy, yoga or relaxation helps. The use of botulinium toxin injections has now been approved for treating chronic migraine. How the toxin works isn't fully clear but it's thought to affect the complex neurological pathways involved in migraine and it can be very successful, especially where other treatments have failed.

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